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Sunday, May 29, 2011

Why Use PASCAL ?

Why use Pascal

“A low level language is one whose programs require attention to the irrelevant.”
[edit]
Introduction

Pascal often comes under attack as a language which should be dead, or as a language not suitable for very much.

This document will discuss these claims and add latest informations about pascal as of 2005 and beyond.

What is Pascal ?

Pascal is a very clean programming language, which looks more like real languages in the sense that it uses real English words as keywords rather than random ASCII characters. This is important in understanding existing code as well as debugging because people don't read individual characters but whole words.

A common misconception is that Pascal started as a teaching language. While this is partially true, the associations are usually wrong; usually that makes people expect systems like Logo, limited playing grounds for children.

Pascal, like its predecessor ALGOL(-60), however was primarily designed as a language for formal specification and teaching of algorithms, mostly with future engineers and computer scientists as target. Contrary to ALGOL-68, an accent was put on simplicity. This turned out to be beneficial for compiler construction.

The initial Pascal dialects had a series of serious ugliness (like untyped procedure variables) that were quickly remedied, way before the language's prime time in the eighties. (revised J&W and early standardization trajectory)

Further modernization and facilities for interfacing to lower level systems were added to nearly every dialect. These weren't standarized back into the language mostly, but this was normal at the time (way before C and POSIX standards). However the dialects were not entirely random, and could be classified into two major streams, UCSD/Borland like and ISO standards compliant, with Apple creating a hybrid between the two (UCSD in origin, but incorporating most level 1 ISO features)

Over the years specially the Borland stream language has matured and gained all capabilities necessary for up-to-date large scale software projects (for example the Free Pascal compiler or the Lazarus IDE).

The particular strength of Pascal is that most of the developing time is spent on the program itself, contrary to C and C++ like language, where the developer needs to focus on managing the memory of variables or the structure of very basic things like passing parameters and returning them back again.

As a result, Pascal developers do not have to learn a new sub-language inside the same language, like C++, STL, MFC.
[edit]
The Readln and Writeln effect

Most developers, who ever touched Pascal, did not like the language, because they only learned some very basic commands and how to write a more structured code than their mind was thinking at the time.

That is, why languages such as C and Perl, for example, have tended to win the popularity contests. While Pascal seems very basic and very minimalistic, when you uncover the true language, you find that it is much easier to create a program in Pascal than in C, Java and other popular languages. Even languages such as Python, that is popular and still remains structured, have many elements of a disoriented language. That issue arrives first of all from the attempt to create the most “perfect” programming language, that will be easy to use, and have the cleanest way to create things.

Google Adsense, How to USE it

How to Use Google Adsense



Google Adsense is an affiliate pay per click program that has taken the Internet by storm. There are a plethora of sites dedicated solely to Google Adsense. Google Adsense is a good way for a small Internet site owner to make some extra money. Using Adsense does not require any special knowledge, just a computer and a working web site.

Difficulty: Moderate

Instructions

1

Construct a web site for use with Google Adsense. Google has a published criteria for the web sites they accept to the Adsense program. A good rule of thumb is just construct an honest and forthright web site that has legitimate purpose other than attaining revenue from the Google Adsense program.
2

Sign up for the Google Adsense Program having the following information available during sign up: website URL, website language, name, address and telephone number.
3

Submit the sign up information. Once all the steps at Google are complete and the policies are read, click the "Submit" button.
4

Activate the Google Adsense account. Upon account approval, an email notification will arrive. Click on the link in the email to activate the Adsense account.
5

Log in to the adsense account and obtain the HTML code for the approved site. Type in the username and password in the adsense log in box. Next click on the "Adsense setup" tab. Click on the "Adsense for content" link. Choose the "Ad unit" option in the next screen and select "Continue." And finally select the correct "Ad format" and then choose "Continue."
6

Copy and paste the generated ad code into the appropriate section of the web site. In the grey Google adsense box there is HTML code to copy into the user web site. Copy that code and place in the appropriate place in the web site.

By an eHow Contributor

Wednesday, May 25, 2011

tegal waterfall central java

Tegal regency Mount Slamet, Central Java, which is 1050 m above sea level and right at the foot of Mount Slamet. Access to the area with a temperature of 200C is already can you reach by private vehicle. However, you must be careful in driving






because the road to Jar winding along a steep incline. To go there would take about an hour from Yomanik. However, if you arrive on holiday or a long holiday, do not expect your travel time about two hours, because the roads become jammed due to a very long queue of vehicles. During the trip to the Jar, you’ll be treated to a beautiful natural scenery and fresh air. Green expanse of pine forest and fresh vegetables that adorned the hills, you might be able to eliminate fatigue. Before entering the region Jar, you will be charged admission to Rp. 3100.00 per person. Many things can be found if already in the jar, so you do not need to worry over there. WATER Jar Waterfall on the slopes of Mount Slamet, Slawi, known as a tourist attraction comfortably cool. Not a few who use the place if kanuragan and inner. The water is efficacious cure various skin disease. Even so are believed to increase sexual attractiveness of women. Simply by soaking, then the female sex organs can be young again. So do not be surprised if more and more visitors to women than men.


come visit Ratenggaro beach only in Indonesia

The beach is located in Nusa Ratenggaro east southeast is very clean and white water pasitnya suitable to be visited, Sumba, an island near Bali area located in East Nusa Tenggara Province. The island is unspoiled tourism frenzy that is still natural. In addition ikat and horses, nature is very beautiful Sumba. The beach was nice, clean and quiet. But my favorite Ratenggaro Beach County is located in Kodi, about an hour drive from the city of Waikabubak. White sandy beaches and blue sea is surrounded by low stone cliffs and megalithic stone graves remaining. Uniquely, the beach is right in the mouth of the river a watery blue and bare sand. Sea water was made lagoon with a backdrop of traditional Sumba house with high roof. It’s really spectacular!




Tuesday, May 24, 2011

Raja Ampat island...beautifull and imaginary special only in Indonesia

Raja Ampat Islands, West Irian Jaya




Ever heard of him? Raja Ampat is an archipelago located in West Irian Jaya. Just so you know, this area is rich in tourist attractions beauty of the sea. In a way, King of beauty Coral Reef. So, for you all who love diving aka dive, would not be complete if you do not dive and see the beautiful coral reefs of Raja Ampat Islands.

Eggs that hatch into a prince





Not just any story, but can not be believed. Hehe understand is, this is only a myth about the origin of the name of the Raja Ampat Islands. Do not be surprised if by this story, the name of Raja Ampat taken because stems from a woman who found nine eggs.

Because of the miracle, 4 eggs that hatch into a prince, 3 others to be a ghost, while the remaining two each into a rock and a woman. As adults, the four princes parted and became king in Waigeo, Salawati, Misool East, and West Misool. The population is Muslims and Christians have a habit, which is called Para-of Pinang. What is it?

Para-feeding activity of the Areca nut is in turn as he took turns telling funny. So if you visit there to bring nut or candy, they will be very happy. Remarkably, they all still get along, although in one family or clan, there are two different religions, Islam and Christianity.

Islands are rich island

In the Raja Ampat, there are 88 villages and 10 districts, which is the expansion area of Sorong regency. The total area of ​​Raja Ampat reach ± ​​46 000 km2. A total of 6000 km2 is land, 85% were dalah ocean. Wow! Approximately there are 610 islands, only about 35 inhabited islands only. The rest have not inhabited, but already have a name, but there are also some who do not yet have a name. There are 4 here the largest group of islands, namely Pulau Misool, Salawati Island, Batanta Island, and Island Waigeo.





The archipelago is an area that is included in the Coral Triangle (Coral Triangle). For the uninitiated, the Coral Triangle is the area that has the richest marine biodiversity in the world. Countries that comprise the Coral Triangle are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Japan, and Australia.

It is estimated there are over 1070 species of fish in the Raja Ampat Islands. Of course there are excellent fish sold at market. For example, tuna, skipjack, mackerel, grouper, Napoleon wrasse, red snapper, sea cucumber, shrimp, and lobsters are abundant there. So do not be surprised, Raja Ampat Islands residents mostly work as fishermen.

In addition, there are also conducted cultured pearls, and sea grass that can become an export commodity, and sold to Australia, New Zealand, China, and Japan. There are also people who manage the oil palm and coconut, on the island of Pam, Kofiau, and Salawati. Even some of the islands have the potential mining of gold, coal, petroleum, nickel, and friends of course.

Flora fauna of the world's most complete

By the way, the location of the Raja Ampat Islands are in the western part of the island of Papua, West Irian Jaya province, more precisely still, at the head of birds of Papua. You could say, its location is 50 miles west of Sorong Sea.

Raja Ampat has been recognized by the world as one of the 10 best waters for diving dive alias. So, do not be satisfied first when diving but not to the Raja Ampat! By the tourists who had to dive here, the waters of Raja Ampat is considered to have a comprehensive flora and fauna in the world. Reefs (coral) reaches 537 species.

Houses the largest coral reef

The research reported in 2001-2002 there were more than 540 species of hard corals (75% of the total species in the world), more than 1,000 species of reef fish, 700 types of mollusks, and the highest record for gonodactyloid stomatopod crustaceans. This means ..??? Means that 75% of the world's coral species in Raja Ampat. Whiz ckckck: o




Halmahera Edy, hell is that?

There was Halmahera Edy! Hell hell, Halmahera Edy's?

More precisely this way, the condition of the waters of the Raja Ampat Islands are influenced by water masses from the western Pacific Ocean. The proof is, the current that moves from east to northeast direction (North-East) and parallel to the northern mainland of Papua.

When we reached the Sea Halmahera in the north of Raja Ampat, most current moving southward and toward shipping lanes Jailolo. There is also a small flow turning towards Dampier Strait. Just info, Dampier Strait is the strait that connects the Island and Island Batanta Waigeo.

Most of the flow is then turned toward the Pacific Ocean. Well, this is the current named Edy Halmahera by the researchers. The existence of these currents makes the waters of the Raja Ampat to be very fertile. Plus, the seawater surface temperature around 28 o C to 27oC at a certain depth. Light can penetrate up to 30-37 meters with a very high salinity. That is why, very abundant coral reefs in Raja Ampat. Plankton that are part of coral reef ecosystems are also abundant.

Coral reef ecosystems were able to actively manage its own food for organsisme-organisms in it. Although coral reefs are usually grown in sea waters which oligoptrik (which has the nutrients and very little nutrients.) So no wonder, when the waters of Raja Ampat is the gathering place a variety of fish species because of the needs of producers of food (plankton) to consumers (the fish) are met.

Want to go there?

For those interested in stopping for a moment in Raja Ampat, according to my magazine (do not call the brand, mistaken for promotion later: mrgreen:) You can find a flight from Jakarta to Sorong is via Manado. Long flights of approximately 6 hours. If you've arrived at Sorong, please go to Waisai, Kota Raja Ampat. Happy traveling!
How to Create Google Adsense Pages
First let me preface this article by stating that you should NOT create pages for the "gaming" of AdSense. Most companies who use AdWords are small to medium sized businesses trying to grow.

With rampant click fraud, those advertisers won't be able to advertise, and AdSense won't pay out as well.

That said, let's begin the process.

For our example, our topic is that of "widgets", so where do get started?

Create the page - Sounds simple enough, but there are some coding standards you should always use. They are:
Name of the page - Use the name of the keyword you are targeting. So, in this example it would be widget.htm. You can use your web server's technology as well, but if in doubt, you can never go wrong with the .htm
Title the page - Use the keyword again for the title.
Meta Tags - Yes, they are still used. Make sure you include the keywords in your meta keyword list, and give a definition of the word in your meta description tag
H1 - Put your keyword in stylized H1 tags. Use CSS to make the tag look consistent to the rest of your site
Content - This is often the biggest obstacle non-writers have. Don't worry, follow these steps and you'll soon be on your way to original content.
Go to MSN, Yahoo and Google
Enter your keyword into the search box
Look at the top 5 sites listed from each search engine
Educate yourself on the topic from the content found on these sites
Page Copy - Now that you've absorbed more information, compose your own page of ORIGINAL content. You can take bits and pieces from the other pages, but be sure to inject your personality into your writing. That will make it uniquely yours.

Links - Don't forget to link to authority sites about your subject. It's very natural for web pages to have links to other sites, don't forget about this key point. Take a moment to see why you need outbound links.

Traffic - The most obvious is getting traffic to your site. Your site will have higher paying ads if your page gets more traffic. If you need help with this, be sure to visit the SEO resources section.

Personally, I tried using the traffic generating sites, and quite frankly, they are a waste of time. Sure you'll build up your traffic numbers, but it's usually from an autosurfing program.

One last note. On September 1st, 2005 Google shut down my account because they suspected click fraud. I really don't have a problem with them shutting me down, because as an advertiser I want to know that they are watching my money. However, I believe they should show proof of the supposed fraudulent activity. I was even proactive in letting them know when I saw suspicious activity, but they never replied to my inquires.

Here's a great article on what to watch for, and how click fraud is committed.

I hope you have better luck than I did.

Ramayana Ballet, Drama in Typical Javanese Dance



Ramayana ballet is an art show beautiful, amazing and difficult to compare. This performance is able to unite various Javanese arts such as dance, drama and music on one stage and one momentum to present the Ramayana story, legendary epic written by Valmiki in Sanskrit.

The story of Ramayana is sung on this show is similar to that engraved on Prambanan temple. As many told, the Ramayana story carved on the most beautiful Hindu temple similar to the story in oral tradition in India. The road is long and thrilling story was summarized in four plays or round, abduction of Sinta, Anoman mission to Lanka, Ravana Kumbhakarna or death, and the meeting re-Rama Sinta.

All the stories presented in a series of dance movements performed by the lovely dancers accompanied by gamelan music. You are invited to actually dissolve in the story and look at every movement of the dancers to know the storyline. There's no spoken dialogue of the dancers, the only speakers are sinden describing the way the story through the songs in the Java language with a distinctive voice.

The story begins when King Janaka held a contest to determine the companion Dewi Shinta (daughter) who eventually won by Rama Wijaya. Continuing with the adventures of Rama, Shinta and Rama's brother Lakshmana in the Forest named Dandaka. In the forest they met that Ravana who want to have because it is considered as an incarnation Shinta Dewi Widowati, a woman who has long sought.

To attract the attention of Shinta, Ravana change of his followers named Marica to Deer. The effort was successful because it attracted and asked Rama Shinta chase. Laksama Rama after a long search had not come back while Shinta abandoned and given a magic circle for protection in the form of Ravana could kidnap. Protection failed because after Ravana kidnapped Shinta successfully transform themselves into Durna character.

At the end of the story, Shinta been won back from Ravana by Hanuman, the figure of the agile and powerful ape. But when brought back, Rama Shinta just do not believe anymore and consider it has been tainted. To prove the holiness, Shinta asked to burn herself. Purity Shinta proved his body was not burned, but she became more beautiful. Finally, Rama accepted her as his wife.

You will not be disappointed if this excellent performance because not only dance and music are prepared. Lighting is set in such a way that not only the light that dumb, but is able to describe certain events in the story. So did the makeup on each dancer, not only beautify but also able to describe the character of the man who played so the audience can easily recognize even though there was no dialogue.

You also see not only dance but also interesting acts such as fireball game and agility acrobat. A captivating game fireball could be found which had an original type Hanuman burned alive just managed to burn Ravana's kingdom Alengkadiraja. While the stunt could be found when Hanuman fought with the followers of Ravana. Games flame when Shinta would burn himself is also interesting to watch.

In Yogyakarta, there are two places to watch the Ramayana ballet. First, in Purawisata Yogyakarta is located at Jalan Brig Katamso, east of Sultan Palace. In the place that had a record-breaking Indonesian Record Museum (MURI) in 2002 after a staged ballet every day without ever absent for 25 years, you will get a dinner package at once to see ballet. Places to watch the other is in Prambanan Temple, the place of the original Ramayana story carved on temple reliefs.

Gudeg,sweet and tasty from Jogjakarta...


Cooking Materials:
- 3 cans of young jackfruit (young jack fruit)
- 1 can coconut milk
- 800 ml of water and tea
- boiled eggs taste (ngrebusnya do not run as long as solid aja), skinned
- know the white / out skin (optional)
- 125 grams of brown sugar, coarse combed
- 1 tablespoon cooking oil
- bay leaves to taste

Spices that are:
- 6 garlic
- 1 / 2 red onion
- 2 tsp coriander seeds
- 3 / 4 tsp cumin
- 1 tablespoon salt
- galangal taste
- 1 stalk lemongrass (white part grab)

Sambal Paste:
- red chilli / cayenne pepper / dried chili (but boiled first) to taste
- salt to taste
- paste to taste
- brown sugar to taste
- tomato taste (fried first)

Cooking Gudeg Jogja:
1.Nangka filtered and washed, because the water preserved to make a sour taste.
2. Stir-fry ground ingredients until fragrant, put brown sugar and bay leaves.
3. Enter the jackfruit and boiled eggs, stirring until thoroughly blended with spices.
4. Add coconut milk and water until all jackfruit tea and eggs submerged.
5. Cover the pan and cook over open fires kecil.Jangan often, just 1 / 2 hours.
6. Kalo is long enough to try diicipi have to taste what is not.
7. Enter to know when the water left over a half, so know not too hard.
8. Cook until the water is low / almost dry.
9. Ready to serve and eat with hot white rice and sambal shrimp paste, or it could be with meat or chicken as a side dish Empal enhancements.

How to Make Sambel Paste:
1. Blend all ingredients.
2. Saute with a little oil until slightly dry.

Water Castle: Pesanggrahan AND bastion

Taman Sari Guesthouse later better known as Taman Sari Palace is located west of Yogyakarta Palace was built during the reign of Sultan Hamengku Buwana I and completed in the reign of Sultan Hamengku Buwana II. However, the location of Taman Sari Guesthouse as a bathing place has been known long before. In the reign of Taman Sari Panembahan Senapati location that is currently better known as Bannerman (springs) Pacethokan. This pennant was famous for its water discharge is large and clear. Pacethokan is one important consideration for determining the location of the candidate Sultan Palace.

Taman Sari Guesthouse was built after the Treaty Giyanti (1755), ie, after the Sultan Hamengku Buwana so long involved in disputes and war. The building was intended as a building that can be used to meneteramkan hearts, rest, and recreation. Nonetheless, Taman Sari was also prepared as a means / fort to confront dangerous situations. In addition, this building was also used for religious facilities. Therefore Peanggrahan Taman Sari is also equipped with a mosque, to be precise in building wells Gumuling.

Taman Sari name consists of two words, namely parks 'garden planted with flowers' and extract 'beautiful flower'. Thus, the name of the Taman Sari, intended as the name of a park complex that is really beautiful or beautiful.

Version Two Stories About Taman Sari Pesanggrahan Development

1. First Version

In the first version is told that in Mancingan (an area on the south coast of Yogyakarta) there is a freak of unknown origin. Communities in these areas many have surmised that these people including compatriots genie or forest dwellers. Community think so because the person is using a language not understood by local people. Strange people are then faced with the Sultan Hamengku Buwana II who was then still ruled. Apparently Sultan Hamengku Buwana II is pleased to take that person as a servant. After a while the man can speak Javanese. Based on the testimony he admitted as the Portuguese are in the dialect of Java called Portegis. People Portegis was then used as a servant who headed the creation of buildings (architects).

Sultan Hamengku Buwana II also ordered the person to make a fort. Apparently Sultan Hamengku Buwana II very pleased on his work. The person is then given a position as village headman, that person was known by the name or Demat Demat Portegis Tegis. Demat Tegis is what supposedly ordered to build Pesanggrahan Taman Sari. Therefore, the building also shows elements of Taman Sari Guesthouse building art originating from Europe (Portugal).

2. Second Version

According to the second version is told that one when the regents Madison, who was named Raden Rangga Prawirasentika, which has been widely credited to the Sultan Hamengku Buwana I pleaded with him to be exempted from paying local taxes that had been conducted twice a year. Regent Madison agreed only if there are special requests Sultan Hemngku Buwana I for completeness and splendor of palace decoration. Sultan Hamengku Buwana I also grant the application.

By Sultan Hamengku Regent Madison Buwana I ordered to make a gamelan Sekaten as a complement of gamelan Sekaten derived from Surakarta. Originally gamelan totaled a pair, but because palihan Nagari (1755) gamelan was divided by two. One for the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Surakarta one for Kasunanan. In addition, the Sultan Hamengku Buwana I also ordered from the Regent Madison to be made Jempana 'stretcher' as a vehicle bride Sultan Hamengku Buwana I.

In 1684 Raden Rangga Prawirasentika told to make bricks and kelengakapannya in preparation for building a indahsebagai gardening means to reassure the Sultan Hamengku Buwana I. Sultan wants such a case because it had just completed the arduous task (war) which lasted long enough. The exit command is marked with Sultan Hamengku Buwana sengkalan Memet, which reads Chess Dragon Rasa Singh (1684).

For the manufacture of gardening / rest house was on permission Sultan Hemngku Buwana I headed by Raden Tumenggung Mangundipura and led by KPH Natakusuma, which later became K.G.P.A.A. Paku Alam I (the Sultan's son with wife concubine named Bendara Raden Ayu Srenggara). Making the contest and culvert construction 'culvert' that led to the palace which is often called the Cave of the Demon conducted in 1687 and marked with candra sengkala Pujining Brahmin Ngobahake Pajungutan (1687). While the construction of gates and walls completed in 1691.

The completion of the building making Taman Sari Guesthouse sengkalan marked relief in the form Memet flowering trees and honey is being exploited by the birds. Memet Sengkalan reads Lajering Sinesep Peksi Flower (1691).

In this second version is told that Raden Rangga Prawirasentika unable to complete construction of park buildings Pesanggrahan Sari. He stated that the construction is actually felt to be more costly than the submission of tax twice a year that had been done. By karenaya belilau please stop at the Sultan and permissible. The Sultan then ordered K.P.H. Natakusuma to resolve the building above the cost to the Emperor himself.

Taman Sari Guesthouse Development kono involve a lot of labor is not just coming from around Yogyakarta, but also from Madison, Kedu, Jipang, and so forth.

Building Taman Sari has 36 pieces of important buildings with various names and functions


Monday, May 23, 2011

Hot chocolate

Easy Mexican Hot Chocolate


Prep Time:
10 Min
Ready In:
10 Min

Original Recipe Yield 2 servings

Ingredients
3 tablespoons instant hot chocolate mix
1 tablespoon chocolate syrup
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1 pinch chili powder
1/4 cup milk
3/4 cup boiling water

Directions
In a large mug, mix the hot chocolate mix, chocolate syrup, cinnamon, and chili powder. Pour in the milk. Add the boiling water and stir.

Nutritional Information
Amount Per Serving Calories: 92 | Total Fat: 1.3g | Cholesterol: 2mg

Powered by ESHA Nutrient Database

Indonesian food (opor ayam)

Indonesian Chicken in Coconut Gravy (Opor Ayam)



Ingredients:

Servings:
4-6

2 large chicken breasts (so that's about 4 individual breasts)
1 lime
400 -600 ml coconut milk, depending on how thick you prefer it to be
7 eggs
5 pieces firm tofu, cut each diagonally so you end up with 10 pieces altogether

Seasoning to blend together
10 shallots
10 pieces garlic
7 pieces candlenuts
1 teaspoon turmeric powder
2 teaspoons coriander powder
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon white pepper
2 pieces lemongrass
5 -7 fresh lime leaves
2 cm gingerroot or 2 galangal, bruised soaked in a bit of lemon juice for a few minutes
3 pieces fresh bay leaves

Change Measurements: US | Metric

Directions:

Prep Time: 30 mins

Total Time: 1 hr
1
Cut chicken into smaller pieces. If using boneless, skinless chicken breast then cut into bite size pieces. Squeeze the juice of one lime over chicken and let sit for about 15-20 minutes.
2
Boil the eggs and peel, set aside.
3
Sauté the tofu in oil until lightly brown.
4
Blend the shallots, garlic, candlenuts, turmeric powder, coriander powder, salt and pepper in a food processor or blender until it forms a smooth paste.
5
Sauté the paste in oil (about 1-2 Tbsp.) for a few minutes.
6
Once bumbu is sautéed, add 1500 ml water and chicken.
7
Stir occasionally until it comes to a boil.
8
Add 2 pieces of lemon grass that have been bruised, 5-7 pieces of lime leaves, galangal (about the size of thumb, bruised) & 3 bay leaves.
9
Bring to a boil? add tofu and eggs.
10
For extra flavor you can sauté sliced shallots to sprinkle in once cooked.

Amount Per Serving
% Daily Value
Calories 537.4

Calories from Fat 329
61%
Total Fat 36.5 g
56%
Saturated Fat 23.2 g
116%
Monounsaturated Fat 7.0 g
35%
Polyunsaturated Fat 2.9 g
14%
Trans Fat 0.0 g
0%
Cholesterol 416.5 mg
138%
Sodium 817.2 mg
34%
Potassium 638.3 mg
18%
Magnesium 65.8 mg
2%
Total Carbohydrate 24.1 g
8%
Dietary Fiber 3.5 g
14%
Sugars 8.3 g
33%
Protein 31.3 g
62%

indonesian food (gado-gado)

Indonesian Vegetable Salad With Peanut Sauce (Gado-Gado)


Ingredients:

Servings:
10

2 garlic cloves
2 shallots
2 chili peppers (or to taste)
1 teaspoon salt
2 tablespoons palm sugar (or brown sugar)
250 g roasted peanuts
2 teaspoons water
250 ml coconut milk
350 g cucumbers, sliced thin
400 g carrots, cut into matchsticks and steamed
200 g long beans, cut finger-length and steamed
300 g bean sprouts, blanched
350 g potatoes, peeled, cubed and steamed
4 eggs, hardboiled and diced

Directions:

Prep Time: 30 mins Total Time: 40 mins

1
Prepare the dressing: In a blender or food processor, blend the first 6 ingredients (garlic to roasted peanuts) until smooth. Add the water and coconut milk, blend again until smooth. Bring to a boil, lower heat and simmer 10 minutes. Allow to cool before using.
2
Prepare the salad: Combine all the remaining ingredients (cucumber to eggs) in a large bowl. Pour the dressing over and serve.
3
If you like, the salad ingredients can be set out separately rather than mixed altogether. The dressing can be served in individual bowls rather than poured over all.

Nutrition Facts
Indonesian Vegetable Salad With Peanut Sauce (Gado-Gado)

Serving Size: 1 (252 g)

Servings Per Recipe: 10

Amount Per Serving
% Daily Value
Calories 365.0

Calories from Fat 175
48%
Total Fat 19.5 g
30%
Saturated Fat 7.0 g
35%
Monounsaturated Fat 7.1 g
35%
Polyunsaturated Fat 4.5 g
22%
Trans Fat 0.0 g
0%
Cholesterol 74.4 mg
24%
Sodium 509.6 mg
21%
Potassium 687.5 mg
19%
Magnesium 87.2 mg
3%
Total Carbohydrate 40.1 g
13%
Dietary Fiber 4.8 g
19%
Sugars 23.3 g
93%
Protein 11.8 g
23%

Jakarta

Jakarta tourism


Jakarta - Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is the largest city in Indonesia. The city has all the modern amenities. But in its quest for modernization the city has not forgotten its past and has carefully preserved its rich cultural heritage. Apart from the skyscrapers, colonial structures built by European powers form an integral part of Jakarta's skyline.

Jakarta is a city of many fascinating facets. It is the main gateway to Indonesia. In recent years, Jakarta has expanded its facilities for visitors with multi-star luxury hotels, fine restaurants, exciting nightlife and modern shopping centers. Food is quite cheap in Jakarta and is available in great variety.

History of Jakarta
Jakarta was a small harbor town when the last Hindu Kingdom of Java, Kingdom of Pajajaran, was ruling in 14th century. Muslim ruler Fatahilklah conquered the city and changed the name to Jayakarta or the City of Victory on June 22, 1527. Later on, the Dutch conquered the city in 1619 and built a new city Batavia, which remained the center of power for them in South East Asia for more than 300 years. The city came under the siege of Japanese Imperial Forces in 1941 during the Second World War and its name was changed back to Jakarta (from Jayakarta). The defeat of Japan did not allow them to remain in Indonesia for long. Dutch again tried to capture the city but by now freedom struggle was already quite strong in the country and on August 17, 1945, the Indonesian leaders proclaimed its independence from foreign rule in Jakarta.



Weather of Jakarta
Jakarta has tropical climate with a high average humidity. There is not much difference in the day and night temperature. Average day temperature is 28ºC while average night temperature is a bit cooler at 25ºC. October to April is the wet season while the dry season is from May to September.

Best Time to Visit Jakarta
Dry season is also the best period to visit this part of the world because weather is clear, roads in the interiors are open, and temperatures are at their best.

Tourist Attractions/Places to See in Jakarta :
The National Monument:
The National Monument, or "Monas" as it is popularly called, is one of the monuments built during the Sukarno era of fierce nationalism. It stands for the people's determination to achieve freedom and the crowning of their efforts in the Proclamation of Independence in August 1945. The 137-metre tall marble obelisk is topped with a flame coated with 35 kg of gold. The base houses a historical museum and a hall for meditations. The monument is open to the public and upon request the lift can carry visitors to the top, which offers a bird's eye view of the city and the sea. Istiqlal Mosque: It is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia and the second largest in the world. The mosque took 17 long years to build and the grandeur of its walls and dome is visible from quite far away. Orchid Gardens: Indonesia has some of the most exotic orchid gardens. Several commercial orchid gardens are open to public. Some of the best known of them are located at Slipi and Taman Mini. Condet: This village in southern Jakarta is a protected area where the old rural life style of Jakarta is preserved. Condet is also famous for its fruit orchards. Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Beautiful Indonesia in Miniature): Situated just outside Jakarta, the park has miniatures of all the 27 provinces of the country reproduced in its Central Lake. This is a wonderful place to know about the entire archipelago in just one day. Regular cultural programmes and ceremonies are held in the park representing different regions. Pulau Seribu: This group of islands in the Jakarta Bay offers a haven away from the bustle of city life. There are golden beaches fringed with coconut palms. The surrounding waters are a paradise for scuba divers. The islands can be reached from Tanjung Priok or Pasar Ikan (Sunda Kelapa) by ferry or by chartered boat. Some of the islands in this group developed for tourism are Pulau Bidadari, Pulau Ayer, Pulau Laki and Pulau Putri. Museum Gadjah: The National Museum of Indonesia is situated at Jalan Medan Merdeka Barat. It contains around 85,000 items, the largest in the world of Indonesian artefacts. There is one of the largest and rare collections of Oriental ceramics in this museum.

Shopping in Jakarta
Jakarta unlike its recent past is now home to glittering shopping arcades full of merchandises. Taman Surapati is full of paintings displayed by peddlers. Glodok and Pancoran in the Chinatown are the best places to buy antique furniture, Old Dutch lamps, and Chinese porcelains. There are many souvenir shops selling the best of Indonesian arts and crafts.

How to Reach Jakarta
Soekarno - Hatta International Airport is the principle gateway of Indonesia and almost all the major airlines operating in the region stop here. It is situated around 35 km away from the city centre. Taxies and buses are the best transport to ferry you to the city.

Kalimantan Object

Kalimantan Indonesia



Kalimantan Indonesia - Formerly known as Borneo, Kalimantan is the world's second largest island. The North and northwestern part of the island are the East Malaysian state of Serawak and Sabah, with the newly independent state of Brunei Darusalam between them. The rest of the island is part of Indonesia, divided into four provinces - East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan.

Kalimantan is one of the most bio-diverse places on the earth. It has one of the world's largest tropical rainforests and is home to rare flora and fauna.

History of Kalimantan
According to the Sanskrit inscriptions dating back to 400 A.D., Kalimantan came under the early influence of Indian settlers. But by 15th century, Islamic had great impact on Kalimantan and was rapidly embraced by the different kingdoms in the island.

In the early 1600s, the Dutch began to establish trading agreements in Kalimantan and gained monopoly of the spice trade in Banjarmasin and diamond trade in Sambas. They also made contract with Pontianak in 1778. Gradually, they took control of all of what is now Kalimantan.

Kalimantan was occupied by the Japanese forces during the 2nd World War. After the war, the Dutch failed to regain control of the area. Later on Indonesia achieved its independence and Kalimantan became a province and was later divided into four provinces.

Climate of Kalimantan
Kalimantan has tropical climate and very high rainfall throughout the year. Average rainfall is around 3000 mm per annum. The temperature varies between 29º C and 34º C and the humidity is in the range of 95-98%.

Best Time to Visit Kalimantan
The best time to visit this fascinating island is during the months of September and March, when temperatures are much cooler-in the vicinity of 27°C with pleasant sea breezes.

Tourist Attractions in Kalimantan

Derawan Island: It is a favorite place for marine tourism. There are many rare animals such as the green turtle, the scarlet turtle, star fruit turtle and sea cow. The place is also home to many rare species of marine plants and coral reef. It s also a good place for scuba diving, pearl diving, fishing, swimming and other water sports.

Bontang: Located in the regency of Kutai with 200.000 ha, Bontang has rare flora and fauna. The Kutai National Park near Bontang is worth visiting to see sceneries, especially those at Bears Bash.

Pontianak: It is the capital of West Kalimantan. Some of the favorite tourist spots include Equator Monument, Caldaria palace in Kampong Dalai, the State Museum, the Kapoks and the Landau Bridges and floating market.

Gunning Palung National Park and Nature Reserve: The Gunung [Mount) Palung national park located in the Ketapang regency is home to rare flora and fauna. The Raya Pasi mountain located in the Singkawang regency is also interesting to visit to see the Rafflesia or the Giant Flower. Singkawang is also a nature reserve. The forest of Sanggau is worth a visit where hot springs, lakes and caves can be found.

Palangkaraya: Palangkaraya is the provincial capital of Central Kalimantan and situated in the upstream region of the Kahayan river. Nowadays, the town has become the center of government, trade and education of the province. The Regional Museum of Palangkaraya contains a collection of historical and cultural interest from all over Central Kalimantan. The Nature Reserve of Tangkiling lies 34 km north of Palangkaraya.

Sampit: Sampit town, on the Sampit river and the capital of Sampit regency, is known as the biggest timber port in Kalimantan as well as in Indonesia. One can find many interesting tourism attractions in Sampit. Pandaran Beach is a park on the seaside at the mouth of the Sampit river. It is quite unique. On the north one can see the river emptying into the sea, while to the south is the wide expanse of the Java Sea. The Orchid Park of Pembuangan Hulu is a natural forest in which a number of rare and beautiful orchid varieties grow. Hunters can engage in their favorite pastime at the Serayan river, which borders on the hunting park of Kotawaringin Barat.

Shopping in Kalimantan
Some of the favorite shopping items in Kalimantan are ceramic household ornaments, hand-woven silks and cottons, rattan furniture and other handicraft items made of bamboo.

How to Reach Kalimantan
There are regular international and domestic flights to Sepinggan Airport in Balikpapan. The airport is well connected to nearby countries such as Malaysia and Singapore and to other domestic destinations such as Jakarta, Denpasar (Bali), Semarang and Makasar.

kitchen design

dining room design

kitchen desain1

Dining room desain 1

kichen desain

Dining room desain

Lake Toba, the Moderate Sleeping Angel

Not only natural beauty, tourist attraction of Toba also serve another. What are they? Cool atmosphere, quiet, comfortable instantly felt so until at Lake Toba. From the top height of the hill past the road down to Parapat, we can look at the vast expanse of blue water ocean basin. Fatigue overland journey of more than four hours from Medan immediately vanished. In simple stalls roadside downturn, many travelers spend long hours staring at the natural wonders of Lake Toba while sipping coffee with delicious. The wind blew fresh breeze add to the atmosphere.
Lake Toba is the largest lake in Southeast Asia is indeed stunning. It is estimated that the lake was formed by the eruption Supervolcano about 75 thousand years ago. After the eruption occurred, formed a caldera that later fills with water and become lakes. Pressure upward by magma that has not come out cause the emergence of Samosir Island. The lake is situated 906 meters above sea level, measuring about 1,700 square meters. Toba surrounded by green hills with walls cadasnya. Samosir Island in the middle of the lake is still there anymore. So there is a lake above the lake.

Once the foot set foot in Parapat, much can be done travelers to enjoy the lake and natural surroundings. Want to swim, ride a boat, around the lake, or just watching the water. All fun. Travelers also can go to Samosir Island. From Parapat, available transport ferry which departs every hour to the village of Tomok. Tomok is the main village on the east coast of Samosir. This village is one tourist destination. In Tomok among others there are some old traditional houses and tomb complex of King Sidabutar. If you want around the lake also can rent a motor boat.

Lodging from simple to five-star hotels are widely available. To eat is also no need to fuss. Restaurants, restaurants, and cafes scattered. Want to make souvenirs souvenirs? Travelers with easy to get in Parapat or also on the island of Samosir. Lake Toba can be reached from the city of Medan with a private vehicle, rental car or public transportation. From Medan to Parapat via either through High Cliff and Siantar. Can be via a route-Karo village Purba Pematang until Brastagi. The scenery along the way is not less interesting.

Slumped
It has long been a mainstay of tourism of Lake Toba in North Sumatra. This lake, in addition to attracting tourists to the archipelago is also popular overseas. Lake Toba''The potential is really incredible. But tourism here dropped since the 1997 crisis,''complained Camat Girsang Sipanganbolon, Jonni Saragih. As an illustration, Saragih said in 1996 in Parapat hotel occupancy rate reached 80 to 90 percent. Now reduced to only 25 to 30 percent. In the past, many foreign tourists, is now the number could be counted on the fingers. ''Frankly we were almost desperate to face this situation,''he admitted.

Toba tour collapsed, in addition to the crisis was also aggravated by smog, the fall in Sibolangit Garuda, Bali Bombings, sampat tsunami in Aceh. Last''spread rumors that there will be a big eruption at Lake Toba. It makes people afraid to come here,''said Saragih still with sad expression. Be the enchanting Lake Toba now languish. Left by admirers. He is like a sleeping angel. Her beauty was closed, although not yet faded.
In the village of Tomok for example, people who used to rely on the lives of many tourism sector is now back to farming. ''Now the few who came, not like before,''one trader said Linda clothes near the tomb of King Sidabutar in Tomok. The beauty of Toba is now not strong enough to bring in tourists. Plus, Saragih said, they feel dianaktirikan by the central government in the matter of promotion of tourism. ''In a very poor campaign. Moreover, with this autonomy, the ability of very limited area.''

Hardyanto Hasono, tourism actors who are also administrators of Lake Toba ASITA Jakarta said today it could not expect much from foreign tourists. This was said because the package tours of Lake Toba is no longer on sale in Europe. ''I think it's time the perpetrator of tourism in North Sumatra thinking about other markets. For example, Malaysia and China. So do not expect us to sell to Europe,''he said.

In addition to Malaysia market, Hardyanto also suggested that local tourist potential are being developed. ''I think the local tourist market is great, but do have to work hard,''he said. Saragih said the real potential of tourism in Lake Toba can be developed. That among other things can be done through the coordination of seven districts around Lake Toba. ''Coordination at the provincial level should be increased,''he suggested.

In addition to natural attractions, Toba he has another attraction. Namely Samosir Island with its cultural, spiritual tours North Tapanuli, and Toba themselves become historical tourism. What is meant by historical tour Saragih, President Megawati has launched the construction of Bung Karno Monument in 2004. But until now there is no realization. ''Now we bill on the president's promise now, because it's the government's commitment,''firmly Saragih.
Not only about the decline of tourists, the beauty of the Toba now also face the threat. Ecosystem of Lake Toba region is threatened by water hyacinth plants which cover the surface of many lakes. Another threat, Saragih said, is a pig farm in Salbe, District Purba. Livestock waste discharged into the lake fear it would disrupt the ecosystem of the lake in the long term. Another threat is the impact of the number of floating cages for fish. Tilapia fish rearing is done by the Swiss Foreign Investment. Maintenance of fish in floating cages used in the form of fish feed pellets. The remains of exhaust can cause heavy metals in lake sediments.

From the top of the hill, when the sun about to sink, the reflection of red light refracted in a vast lake. It's stunning scenery. Unfortunately not many now who want to enjoy it.

Roti Jala

ROTI JALA FOOD RECIPES


Material:

500 gr flour

3 eggs

2 tablespoons butter, melted

400 ml water

1 drop yellow food pasta

Salt to taste


How to Make Food Recipes Roti Jala:

1. Mix the flour, eggs, salt, butter and water. Mix well until dough is thick and smooth, strain
2. Take non-stick pan, pour and create a sphere like nets
3. Cook until mongering, lift and fold into 4 sections or to taste
4. Do so until the dough runs out

SAKSANG..North Sumatra traditional culinary

Saksang
Another hobo cuisine is saksang, almost the same as rica-rica pigs from Manado. Usually this dish is made specially for customary events hobo, but now special Lapo-Lapo Batak cuisine easily found. Here's how to make papa recipe saksang heritage.

Material:

* 1 kg of pork / beef, cut into small pieces origin
* 3 bay leaves orange
* Salt
* Seasonings
* Cooking oil for sautéing spices


Materials pounded as substitute members:

* 500 gr grated coconut
* 100 gr coriander finely


Materials mashed / Blender:

* 6 cloves Shallots
* 6 cloves garlic
* Curling Chilli 10 seeds (optional)
* 5 seeds cayenne pepper (to taste)
* 4 Rod Serai
* 2 segment Ginger
* 1 vertebra galangal / Laos
* 1 vertebra Turmeric
* Citrus Leaf and Leaf Greetings


How to Make it:

* Roasted coconut and coriander until brownish color, having brown and fragrant, immediately mash until smooth and remove the oil ...


* Saute seasoning blender results, bay leaves and lime leaves until fragrant, then enter the meat.
* Stir until smooth, then add two cups of water
* Close the wok / pan over medium heat, once the water is reduced, add the coconut-coriander collision stir until flavors, then enter and Ajinomoto salt to taste, let stand until the water dries up and ready to eat meat.

Tjong A Fie Mansion, House of the transformed Thus Museum

Inspired Picasso Museum, Pair Three Cultures

Tjong A Fie's name not dapatdipisahkan from Medan history. Wealthy people who were merupakandermawan menyumbangbanyak to pembangunangedung-important buildings in his town. To commemorate the service of Tjong A Fie, a museum was established.

IGNAA., Medan

HOUSE Tjong A Fie in the area of Jalan Ahmad Yani (Kesawan) is quite familiar to residents of Medan. In fact, the house that was built in 1895 has been designated as one of the tourist capital of North Sumatra. The travel agents at Medan migrants often enter houses from Guandong, China, the kola in package tours.

Apart from the figure of the legendary Tjong A Fie in Medan, residential businessman who had assisted the Government of Medan past megahdan it was still well maintained. The complex houses are built on an area of 6,000 square meters. Area of building 5,000 square meters. Two-story house with these deco modelan has 40 rooms.

The building is a fusion of three cultures, namely China. Malay, and European. European aroma so felt from the iron-iron columns and a large firm, a typical Dutch building. Taste of China looks at wood carving. Then, Malay shades of yellow lights visible from the dominant.

Tjong A Fie's house is one of hundreds of buildings on Jalan Ahmad Yani who store important historical story of Medan. Along the way 500s meters was also standing estate office (the first modern building in Medan), publishing, and banking. In addition. there are restaurants and shops. At the beginning of the 20th century, the region's economy Kesawan has become the bustling city center.

The mansion was home to a large family of Tjong A Fie. Namely. Tjong A Fie and his wife (third) Koei Lim Yap and seven children Up to now, the house was still habitable Fon Prawira, grandson of Tjong A Fie of her fourth child. Kweet Ching Leong. Since June 18, 2009, the mansion was opened as Tjong A Fie Memorial Institute and is also known by the name of Tjong A Fie Mansion. Opening Tjong A Fie Memorial Institute to coincide with the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Tjong A Fie.

"We wanted the house to be living museum in memory of our ancestors," said Fon Prawira, the initiators, when met Indopos last week. Tjong A Fie's family moved to Denmark in 1921 and only returned to Indonesia in 1930. Over the past nine years. house is left empty. Initially, children Tjong A Fie back inhabit the house. However, the family lived Fon Prawira who hang in there until now.

Tjong A Fie fantastic home that is attracting more investors who intend to buy it. Not a few who made an offer to make the building as a commercial place. For example, anyone wants to turn it into a restaurant. There is also the intention of making it a hotel or inn, considering the house has many rooms.

Fon states never tempted to accept the offer was tempting. However, after thinking long and consulted with a large family of Tjong A Fie, Fon is not willing to let go. "I think long term about the condition of the building," he said.

Fon does not want to get stuck in a moment of pleasure by accepting an offer investors, but then her grandfather's heritage buildings damaged and changed functions. Because, when investors come in, so maybe the buildings are dismantled here and there. In fact, he gets a mandate to preserve the family home Tjong A Fie it.

"If it falls to the investor, the house could lose identity as a heritage house. In fact, the house was to save our history, not only for our big family, but also the city of Medan." said the director of PT Mitra Nusantara Vegetable them.

As part of the historical city of Medan, the family realized that the Fon people of the city are also entitled to know more about the home of one of the most influential in the field in his day. From this idea, an idea to make the house as a museum. Moreover, many relics of Tjong A Re properly stored in the house. "Unfortunately if not utilized. Moreover, the age grandfather's relics are old enough. More than a century," he said.

Because it is still inhabited by experts waris.rumah Fon conceptualized as the living museum or a museum of life. Concept, he said, inspired Picasso Museum in Barcelona, Spain. With this concept, not just museum displaying relics of objects. However, visitors can see directly the life of the museum owner who still live there. Such concepts are also adopted Affandi Museum in Yogyakarta. In addition to keeping the works of the maestro, the museum occupied the legendary family of painters.

Fon and family are occupying most of the buildings was converted into a museum. Museums and family residence Fon only separated by a wooden door. The atmosphere of the museum is very hominy, just like an ordinary dwelling. The smell of "home" was visible from the home care activities that take place as usual in the middle of back and forth visitors. Gardener sweeping the back of the house. Elsewhere, an aide to clean the glass window. In the middle of the room, provided the chair with the desk to where visitors relax and enjoy the atmosphere of home.

Fon states need to work hard to turn the mansion into a museum. At least, Fon should do some research in advance about the figure of his grandfather, Tjong A Fie. He needs to hunt through archives of his late grandfather to the Tropical Institute in the Netherlands.

"Fortunately, people in Holland are very welcome. They do not mind giving away some documents about the grandfather to me." he said. The museum contains the private collection of Tjong A Fie. But, it was only a quarter only. The others are still a lot. Some brought children Tjong A Fie other, "he said.

For the purposes of the museum. Fon employs four guides. They were on duty guarding the guests who come and explain the history of Tjong A Fie, collectible items, to the spaces in the museum. Sri Wahyu is one of four guides who worked at the museum family. Nearly a year of work, he was very adept at explaining every detail of the residence of Tjong A Fie. In fact, about the origin of carving on furniture museum. Yuni understand very well.

"Cabinets are being ordered in Greece. It can be seen from the carvings symbolizing the god Zeus." Yuni clear to the guests who inquire about an antique cabinet in the bedroom Tjong A Fie. Looking ahead, Fon wants to make Tjong A Fie Institute as building three-dimensional. Not only featuring the history and contents of the house, but also presents various results of the Peranakan culture. Reasons. Koei Lim Yap. Tjong A Fie's third wife. is the Peranakan Chinese people and Weigh Langkat, Binjai. "For example, we will present the various confectionary typical Peranakan Chinese," said Fon. (*)

Maimoon Palace...heritage Deli sultanate

Wednesday, May 18, 2011

pascal turorial


PASCAL TUTORIAL

INTRODUCTION

IF YOU KNOW NOTHING ABOUT PASCAL

Assuming that you know nothing at all about Pascal, and in fact, that you may know nothing about programming in general, we will begin to study Pascal. If you are already somewhat familiar with programming and especially Pascal, you will probably want to skip very quickly through the first few chapters. You should at least skim these chapters, and you should read the remainder of this introduction.

A few comments are in order to get us started in the right direction. The sample programs included with this tutorial are designed to teach you the basics of Pascal and they do not include any clever or tricky code. Nearly all of the programs are really quite dumb as far as being useful programs, but all will teach one or more principles of Pascal. I have seen one tutorial that included a 12 page program as the first example. In fact there were only 2 example programs in the entire tutorial, and it was impossible to glean the essentials of programming from that system. For this reason, I will completely bypass any long programs until the very end of this tutorial. In order to illustrate fundamental concepts used in Pascal programming, all programs will be very short and concise until we reach the last chapter.

LARGER PASCAL PROGRAMS

Chapter 16 has some rather large programs to illustrate to you how to write a large program. It would be a disservice to you to show you all of the constructs of Pascal and not show you how to put them together in a meaningful way to build a large program. After completing all of the fundamentals of Pascal, it will then be very easy for you to use the tools learned to build as large a program as you desire or require for your next programming project.

Another problem I have noticed in example programs is the use of one word for all definitions. For example, a sort program is stored in a file called SORT, the program is named Sort, and various parts of the program are referred to as Sort1, Sort2, etc. This can be confusing since you have no idea if the program name must be the same as the filename, or if any of the other names were chosen to be the same because of some obscure rule not clearly documented. For this reason, the example programs use completely arbitrary names whenever the choice of a name adds nothing to the readability or clarity of a program. As an illustration of this, the first program is named Puppy_Dog. This adds nothing to the understanding of the program but does illustrate that the program name means nothing to the Pascal compiler concerning what the program does.

Due to the fundamental design of the Pascal language, certain words are "reserved" and can only be used for their defined purposes. These are listed in your TURBO Pascal reference manual. All of the sample programs in this tutorial are written with the reserved words in all lower-case letters, and the user variables in lower case with the first letter capitalized since this is becoming an accepted industry standard. Don't worry about what reserved words are yet, they will be completely defined later.

In this tutorial, all reserved words, type names, variable names, and procedure and function names will be listed in boldface type within the text as an aid to the student.

WHAT IS A COMPILER?

There are two methods used to run any computer program that is written in a readable form of English. The first method is to use an interpreter. An interpreter is a program that looks at each line of the "English" program, decides what the "English" on that line means, and does what it says to do. If one of the lines is executed repeatedly, it must be scanned and analyzed each time, greatly slowing down the solution of the problem at hand. A compiler, on the other hand, is a program that looks at each "English" statement one time and converts it into a code that the computer understands directly. When the compiled program is actually run, the computer does not have to figure out what each statement means, it is already in a form that the computer can run directly, resulting in much faster execution of the program.

This tutorial is written especially for Borland International's TURBO Pascal compilers version 5.0 through 7.0. These are very high quality compilers that can do nearly anything you will ask them to do since they are so flexible. The original intent of this tutorial was to write it in such a way that it would be completely generic and usable with any good Pascal compiler. The programmers at Borland included a great many nonstandard aids for the Pascal language and resulted in a very good product that has dominated the market for microcomputers. To completely omit all of the extensions would do those of you with the Borland compiler a real disservice, and to include the extensions would not allow other compilers to be used effectively with this tutorial.

The decision was made to use the Borland extensions which may make the tutorial difficult to use with other compilers. If you have a need to use Pascal with some other compiler, TURBO Pascal is so inexpensive that it would be a wise decision to purchase a copy solely for the purpose of learning the Pascal programming language, then moving to the other compiler on a minicomputer or a mainframe using the accumulated knowledge to very quickly learn the extensions provided by that particular compiler. At any rate, this tutorial will not teach you everything you will ever need to know about Pascal. It will, however, teach you the fundamentals and the advanced features of Pascal, but of even more importance is the knowledge of Pascal terminology needed to progress on your own into more advanced topics of Pascal and programming in general. You will find that experience will be your best teacher.

WHICH VERSION OF TURBO PASCAL?

Some of the example programs will not work with some of the earlier versions of TURBO Pascal. This is primarily due to the fact that object oriented programming capabilities were added to version 5.5, and improved on in later versions. Most of the example programs will work with any version however. It should be pointed out that each successive version of TURBO Pascal has been an improvement over the previous version since additional capabilities have been added, and each new one compiles a little faster and results in smaller but faster executable code than the previous version. Any of the versions of TURBO Pascal can be used to learn to program in Pascal, so whichever version you have on hand will be adequate. Later, when you become more versed in programming techniques, you may wish to upgrade to the absolute latest version.

EARLY VERSIONS OF TURBO PASCAL

Most of the files will compile properly with TURBO Pascal versions 2.0 through 4.0. No warning will be given about which files will not compile with these versions since they have been superseded for so long. If you are still using one of the earlier versions, it would be good for you to purchase a newer version because of the flexibility.

WHAT ABOUT TURBO PASCAL VERSION 5.5 & NEWER?

Chapters 14 and 15 of this tutorial are written especially for TURBO Pascal version 5.5 and newer to discuss the use of object oriented programming and how to use the Borland extensions. Since the topic of object oriented programming is a very large and diverse field of study and only a limited space is available to discuss it in this tutorial, these chapters will give you only a brief overview of what it is and how to use it. You will find 13 complete example programs to get you started in this new and very meaningful endeavor and this introduction should whet your appetite to continue your study in more depth.

If you are using an early version of TURBO Pascal without the object oriented extensions, it would pay you to upgrade so you can learn how to use this new programming method. Object oriented programming has the potential to greatly improve the quality of your code and to reduce the debugging time required.

PREPARATION FOR USE OF THIS TUTORIAL.

Copy the example files into your TURBO Pascal working directory and you are ready to begin, provided of course that you have already learned how to start the TURBO system and how to edit a Pascal file.

If you are not using TURBO Pascal, you will still be able to compile and execute many of these Pascal files, since most of the examples use standard Pascal syntax. There will be some statements used which are unique to TURBO Pascal and will not work with your compiler. This will be especially true when you come to the chapter on standard input and output since this is where most compilers differ. Unfortunately, this is one of the most important aspects of any programming language, since it is required to get data into and out of the computer to do anything useful. You will also find that chapter 13, covering the topic of units, is unique to TURBO Pascal and will not work with any Pascal compilers other than TURBO Pascal.

WHAT ABOUT THE PROGRAMMING EXERCISES?

It is highly suggested that you do the programming exercises after you complete the study for each chapter. They are carefully selected to test your understanding of the material covered in that chapter. If you do not write, enter, debug, and run these programs, you will only be proficient at reading Pascal. If you do the exercises completely, you will have a good start at being a Pascal program writer.

It should also be mentioned that this tutorial will not teach you everything you will ever need to know about Pascal. You will continue to learn new techniques as long as you continue to write programs. Experience is the best teacher here just as it is in any endeavor. This tutorial will teach you enough about Pascal that you should feel very comfortable as you search through the reference manual for some topic. You will also be able to read and understand any Pascal program you find in textbooks or magazines. Although the primary goal of this tutorial is to teach you the syntax and use of Pascal, the most important byproduct is the knowledge of Pascal terminology you will gain. This terminology will enable you to learn even more about Pascal and programming in general.

THE ANSWERS TO PROGRAMMING EXERCISES

The directory /ans contains an answer to each of the programming exercises given at the end of the chapters. You should attempt to do original work on each of the exercises before referring to these answers, in order to gain your own programming experience. These answers are given for your information in case you are completely stuck on how to solve a particular problem. These answers are not meant to be the only answer, since there are many ways to program anything, but they are meant to illustrate one way to solve the suggested programming problem.

The answers are all in compilable files named in the format CHnn_m.PAS where nn is the chapter number, and m is the exercise number. If there is more than one answer required, an A, B, or C is included following the exercise number.

Advance to Chapter 1

Return to the Table of Contents

Tuesday, May 17, 2011

Pascal

IP Pascal Programs

This page contains a collection of typical programs for IP Pascal. Some of the programs are useful, some not. Mainly they are examples of IP Pascal use.
Please note: "smart linking", or the automatic deletion of unused library routines during the link phase, is not currently enabled in IP Pascal. This means that you will see a large binary for even a trivial program. Please compare only runtime speed and not size on these programs.
Text mode files
Standard command line oriented programs.
ls.pas            List the current directory
prmex.pas         A minimal executive (shell)
startrek.pas      From USUS, the original text based startrek game
prime.pas         The original prime number benchmark
diff.pas          File binary compare (not the Unix source compare)
mine.pas          Mines game in text mode
roman.pas         The roman numeral printer from "User Manual and Report"
ptime.pas         Print current time
cpt.pas           Text file copy (preserves eoln)
hello.pas         The "hello, world" program.
lc.pas            Convert file to lower case
length.pas        Print length (in bytes) of a file
pl.pas            Print Pascal program listing
sc.pas            Show control characters in ASCII file (in \ctl form)
spcend.pas        Remove right hand (useless) spaces from document
strcom.pas        Remove comments from Pascal program (an elementary obfuscator)
tl.pas            Type program with line numbers
ty.pas            Type text file
wc.pas            Count words in text file
pascals.pas       N. Wirth's Pascal-S compiler/interpreter program
Terminal mode files
Programs that use x-y positioning on the screen and colors, but are still character oriented. On systems like Windows XP that can represent a console text surface that is larger than the window (i.e., has scroll bars), you will need to expand the window or change the character x-y size until it all fits in the window. This is because the games attempt to use all of the console surface provided, even if it is off screen.
snake.pas         Unix "snake" game, eat scores while snake grows. Use arrow keys to set
snake.exe         direction.
mine.pas          The classic find the hidden mines game. Use arrow keys or mouse.
pong.pas          Pong in character mode. Yes, really. Use a joystick for this.

Console mode programs can use sound as well. It is not practical to use sound programs from serial mode, because you need timers for note timing.

keyboard.pas      Turns the keyboard into piano, using midi.
play.pas          Emulates Qbasic's "play" statement for midi output.

Graphical mode files
hellow.pas        Prints "hello from Pascal windows", in a box. This is a demo of direct to
                  Windows API programming.

"dazzlers" are my name for useless programs that draw interesting animated paterns on the screen. IP Pascal makes animation easy with multiple drawing surfaces, and a built in frame timer.

line1.pas         Line drawing programs.

Check out line6. This is line1 with "multimode" debugging added. This means that it opens a console window in addition to the graphics window, and writes status messages to that during the program run !

ball1.pas         Ball drawing programs.
ball6.pas         3-d balls with sound, no extra charge.
car_rev.wav       These wave files play in ball6, or you can use your own.
square1.pas       Square drawing programs.
square3.pas       A "square" can also be a bitmap.
mypic1.bmp        These pictures go with square3, or use your own.
tunnel1.pas       Going "down a tunnel". What can I say, try one.
pixel1.pas        Bouncing xored pixel.

These graphical games use sound and joysticks.

pong.pas          Yep. Pong.
breakout.pas      Breakout.
Graphical window mode files